Differences in outcome aren’t always the result of “social barriers.”
It seems as if everywhere you turn these days there are studies claiming to show that America has lost its upward mobility for people born in the lower socioeconomic levels. But there is a sharp difference between upward mobility, defined as an opportunity to rise, and actually having risen.
That distinction is seldom even mentioned in most of the studies. It is as if everybody is chomping at the bit to get ahead and the ones who don’t rise have been stopped by “barriers” created by “society.”
When statistics show that sons of high-school dropouts don’t become doctors or scientists nearly as often as do the sons of Ph.D.s, that is taken as a sign that American society is not “fair.”
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